I. INTRODUCTION For three years in the early 1980s, a violent rapist was on the loose in South Yorkshire, England. The rapist, who had attacked at least six women, was labeled the "Dearne Valley Shoe Rapist" because, in addition to sometimes tying up the women with their stockings, he always stole their stiletto-heeled shoes. (1) A high-profile campaign to find the assailant had been unsuccessful for more than twenty years. Even searching for a genetic match in the national DNA database with the semen found on the victims' clothes led nowhere. But in 2006, investigators turned to a new technology called familial searching to identify local individuals in the DNA database whose genetic profile closely matched the crime scene evidence, suggesting they might be related to the rapist. After visiting two of the forty-three individuals with partial matches, a police officer knocked on the door of June Lloyd (2) and told her, "We're running a cold case investigation and there are some similarities between your DNA and the offender's DNA. Do you mind telling me, have you got any brothers?" (3) June admitted to having a brother, but insisted that he couldn't be the criminal; her brother was a middle-aged father of three, a successful manager of a printing press, and a pillar of the community.
